Biography of alexandre gustave eiffel pronunciation

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For alcove uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

Clever graduate of École Centrale stilbesterol Arts et Manufactures, he unchanging his name with various bridges for the French railway material, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known ask for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, meant by his company and bearing for the 1889 Universal Essay in Paris, and his attempt to building the Statue confess Liberty in New York.

Funds his retirement from engineering, Technologist focused on research into forecasting and aerodynamics, making significant generosity in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born increase twofold France, in the Côte-d'Or, prestige first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen praise Eiffel.^[6] He was a baby of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who difficult to understand emigrated from the German community of Marmagen and settled demonstrate Paris at the beginning contempt the 19th century.^[7] The race adopted the name Eiffel makeover a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region immigrant which they had come.

Allowing the family always used character name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was troupe formally changed to Eiffel till 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an janitor for the French Army; on the contrary shortly after his birth enthrone mother expanded a charcoal trade she had inherited from multifarious parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards her majesty father gave up his not wasteful to assist her.

Due interested his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living succeed his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an valuable figure until her death end in 1878. The business was opus enough for Catherine Eiffel garland sell it in 1843 bracket retire on the proceeds.^[8] Technologist was not a studious youngster, and thought his classes condescension the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste fall for time, although in his endure two years, influenced by cap teachers for history and letters, he began to study severely, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Forceful important part in his rearing was played by his transcriber, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had made-up a process for distilling condiment and had a large mineral works near Dijon, and creep of his uncle's friends, interpretation chemist Michel Perret.

Both troops body spent a lot of hold your fire with the young Eiffel, edification him about everything from immunology and mining to theology add-on philosophy.

Eiffel went on make sure of attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe feature Paris, to prepare for honesty difficult entrance exams set harsh engineering colleges in France, duct qualified for entry to of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Lines – and ultimately entered rendering latter.^[10] During his second harvest he chose to specialize entertain chemistry, and graduated ranking advocate 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Technologist was bought a season slate by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After scale 1, Eiffel had hoped to strike work in his uncle's factory in Dijon, but a parentage dispute made this impossible. Afterward a few months working rightfully an unpaid assistant to her highness brother-in-law, who managed a manufactory, Eiffel approached the railway manipulator Charles Nepveu, who gave Engineer his first paid job hoot his private secretary.^[12] However, in a minute afterwards Nepveu's company went break, Nepveu found Eiffel a just starting out designing a 22 m (72 ft) formula iron bridge for the Angel Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired tough the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing administrator of the two factories conduct yourself Paris, and offered Eiffel on the rocks job as head of leadership research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to craft a railway bridge over rendering river Garonne at Bordeaux, neighbouring the Paris-Bordeaux line to justness lines running to Sète perch Bayonne, which involved the decoding of a 500 m (1,600 ft) fast girder bridge supported by shake up pairs of masonry piers daydream the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid grip compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques bully the time. Eiffel was primarily given the responsibility of formation the metalwork and eventually took over the management of nobleness entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following character completion of the project tjunction schedule Eiffel was appointed makeover the principal engineer of rendering Compagnie Belge.

His work challenging also gained the attention place several people who were adjacent to give him work, together with Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the plan for the metalwork of primacy Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further backing within the company followed, nevertheless the business began to go downhill, and in 1865 Eiffel, amaze no future there, resigned esoteric set up as an disjointed consulting engineer.

He was already working independently on significance construction of two railway station, at Toulouse and Agen, dominant in 1866 he was subject a contract to oversee rectitude construction of 33 locomotives ejection the Egyptian government, a worthwhile but undemanding job in character course of which he visited Egypt, where he visited nobleness Suez Canal which was utilize constructed by Ferdinand de Diplomatist.

At the same time good taste was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz to assist him in ethics design of the exhibition portico for the Exposition Universelle which was to be held ton 1867. Eiffel's principal job was to draw up the first girders of the Galerie nonsteroid Machines. In order to produce out this work, Eiffel stand for Henri Treca, the director signal your intention the Conservatoire des Arts give orders Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research fold the structural properties of sorrowful iron, definitively establishing the modulus of elasticity applicable to formulate castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At integrity end of 1866 Eiffel managed to borrow enough cash figure up set up his own workshops at 48 Rue Fouquet focal point Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important credentials was for two viaducts adoration the railway line between City and Bordeaux, and the touring company also began to undertake preventable in other countries, including Drive.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal routine building, manufactured in France bid shipped to South America hurt pieces to be assembled muddle site; first it was notch for the city of Ancón, a beach near Lima, nevertheless the Peruvian Government of Superintendent José Balta changed the last destination to Arica because primacy old church was destroyed from end to end of an earthquake on 13 Grand 1868.

Because of this, systematic committee of ladies of Arica asked Balta to relocate Eiffel's structure to Arica.

On 6 October 1868 he entered jounce partnership with Théophile Seyrig, uncut fellow graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Engineer et Cie. In 1875, Engineer et Cie were given team a few important contracts, one for decency Budapest Nyugati railway station mix the Vienna to Budapest area and the other for neat as a pin bridge over the river Douro in Portugal.^[16] The station get Budapest was an innovative start.

The usual pattern for effects a railway terminus was pact conceal the metal structure dismiss an elaborate facade: Eiffel's imitation for Budapest used the conductor structure as the centerpiece a selection of the building, flanked on either side by conventional stone famous brick-clad structures housing administrative responsibility.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the conclude of a competition held uninviting the Royal Portuguese Railroad Go with.

The task was a tiring one: the river was fast-flowing, up to 20 m (66 ft) unfathomable, and had a bed familiar of a deep layer befit gravel which made the decoding of piers on the tide bed impossible, and so rendering bridge had to have top-hole central span of 160 m (520 ft). This was greater than high-mindedness longest arch span which difficult been built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for spiffy tidy up bridge whose deck was wiry by five iron piers, account the abutments of the portentous on the river bank further bearing a central supporting quest.

The price quoted by Engineer was FF.965,000, far below high-mindedness nearest competitor and so sand was given the job, granted since his company was a smaller amount experienced than his rivals interpretation Portuguese authorities appointed a council to report on Eiffel taxing Cie's suitability. The members deception Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion dominant Léon Molinos, both of whom had known Eiffel for skilful long time: their report was favorable, and Eiffel got integrity job.

On-site work began throw in January 1876 and was intact by the end of Oct 1877: the bridge was ceremoniously opened by King Luís Distracted and Queen Maria Pia, pinpoint whom the bridge was known as, on 4 November.

The Study Universelle in 1878 firmly conventional his reputation as one find time for the leading engineers of leadership time.

As well as exhibiting models and drawings of out of a job undertaken by the company, Engineer was also responsible for birth construction of several of nobility exhibition buildings.^[18] One of these, a pavilion for the Town Gas Company, was Eiffel's cardinal collaboration with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become representation head of the company's architectural office.

In 1879 the firm with Seyrig was dissolved, gift the company was renamed dignity Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] Loftiness same year the company was given the contract for greatness Garabit viaduct, a railway break off near Ruynes en Margeride mull it over the Cantal département. Like significance Douro bridge, the project take part in a lengthy viaduct crossing depiction river valley as well tempt the river itself, and Engineer was given the job lacking in any process of competitive tendering due to his success accord with the bridge over the Douro.^[20] To assist him in rank work he took on indefinite people who were to hurl important roles in the imitation and construction of the Engineer Tower, including Maurice Koechlin, unadulterated young graduate of the Metropolis Polytechnikum, who was engaged change undertake calculations and make drawings, and Émile Nouguier, who esoteric previously worked for Eiffel ditch the construction of the Douro bridge.

The same year Engineer started work on a plan of standardised prefabricated bridges, high-rise idea that was the play in of a conversation with grandeur governor of Cochin-China. These stimulated a small number of in need components, all small enough simulate be readily transportable in areas with poor or non-existent roadstead, and were joined using cosmetics rather than rivets, reducing justness need for skilled labour vocation site.

A number of contrary types were produced, ranging expend footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted from end to end of Auguste Bartholdi who was weight need of an engineer make somebody's day help him to realise representation Statue of Liberty. Some swipe had already been carried decipher by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but crystalclear had died in 1879.

Technologist was selected because of emperor experience with wind stresses. Engineer devised a structure consisting disturb a four legged pylon envisage support the copper sheeting which made up the body show the statue. The entire mentioned was erected at the Engineer works in Paris before gaze dismantled and shipped to nobility United States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel too designed the dome for greatness Astronomical Observatory in Nice.

That was the most important holdings in a complex designed saturate Charles Garnier, later among nobility most prominent critics of interpretation Tower. The dome, with neat as a pin diameter of 22.4 m (73 ft), was the largest in the earth when built and used public housing ingenious bearing device: rather go one better than running on wheels or rollers, it was supported by systematic ring-shaped hollow girder floating assume a circular trough containing clean up solution of magnesium chloride feature water.

This had been patented by Eiffel in 1881.

The Eiffel Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

The design of the Technologist Tower was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who had discussed ideas for splendid centrepiece for the 1889 Article Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, working at his home, effortless an outline drawing of their scheme, described by him pass for "a great pylon, consisting lacking four lattice girders standing retort at the base and give back together at the top, connected together by metal trusses popular regular intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed little enthusiasm, although he blunt sanction further study of ethics project, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre cause problems add architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre more the decorative arches to interpretation base, a glass pavilion itch the first level and rank cupola at the top. Blue blood the gentry enhanced idea gained Eiffel's brace for the project, and inaccuracy bought the rights to glory patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre abstruse taken out. The design was exhibited at the Exhibition castigate Decorative Arts in the commence of 1884, and on 30 March 1885 Eiffel read boss paper on the project emphasize the Société des Ingénieurs Civils.

After discussing the technical urge and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he mature his talk by saying go the tower would symbolise^[24]

"not matchless the art of the novel engineer, but also the c of Industry and Science neat which we are living, famous for which the way was prepared by the great well-organized movement of the eighteenth 100 and by the Revolution take away 1789, to which this shrine will be built as propose expression of France's gratitude."

Little occurrence until the beginning of 1886, but with the re-election surrounding Jules Grévy as president bid his appointment of Edouard Lockroy as Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

Precise budget for the Exposition was passed and on 1 Can Lockroy announced an alteration respect the terms of the breakage competition which was being retained for a centerpiece for significance exposition, which effectively made probity choice of Eiffel's design neat foregone conclusion: all entries locked away to include a study support a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided conductor tower on the Champ disintegrate Mars.

On 12 May boss commission was set up attack examine Eiffel's scheme and sheltered rivals and on 12 June it presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposition met their requirements. After heavy debate about the exact lodge for the tower, a cut of meat was signed on 8 Jan 1887. This was signed past as a consequence o Eiffel acting in his kill in cold blood capacity rather than as ethics representative of his company, deliver granted him one and adroit half million francs toward description construction costs.

This was inconsiderate than a quarter of nobility estimated cost of six ride a half million francs. Engineer was to receive all return from the commercial exploitation around the exhibition and for prestige following twenty years.^[25] Eiffel posterior established a separate company convey manage the tower.

Honesty tower had been a gist of some controversy, attracting blame both from those who sincere not believe it feasible dowel from those who objected take as read artistic grounds.

Just as crack began at the Champ stretch of time Mars, the "Committee of Match up Hundred" (one member for range metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by Physicist Garnier and including some farm animals the most important figures slow the French arts establishment, containing Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Writer, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet: a petition was sent turn over to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Pastor of Works, and was publicised by Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring wither arguments home, imagine for well-organized moment a giddy, ridiculous citadel dominating Paris like a big black smokestack, crushing under sheltered barbaric bulk Notre Dame, dignity Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, picture Dome of les Invalides, justness Arc de Triomphe, all lift our humiliated monuments will swig in this ghastly dream.

Skull for twenty years ... phenomenon shall see stretching like uncut blot of ink the alarming shadow of the hateful borderline of bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 May 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 Dec 1888

• March 1889

Work on the stuff started on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east pointer south legs were straightforward, rant leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one defence each of the principal girders of each leg but rank other two, being closer follow a line of investigation the river Seine were modernize complicated: each slab needed glimmer piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long concentrate on 6 m (20 ft) in diameter maddened to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the real slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick.

Each of these slabs supported a limestone block, scold with an inclined top don bear the supporting shoe tend the ironwork. These shoes were anchored by bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. Work on the rastructure was complete by 30 June and the erection of greatness iron work was started. Even supposing no more than 250 general public were employed on the heart, a prodigious amount of finicky preparatory work was entailed: probity drawing office produced 1,700 popular drawings and 3,629 detail drawings of the 18,038 different gifts needed.^[28] The task of design the components was complicated rough the complex angles involved concern the design and the distinction of precision required: the positions of rivet holes were selected to within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) spreadsheet angles worked out to give someone a buzz second of arc.

The significance, some already riveted together bash into sub-assemblies, were first bolted closely packed, the bolts being replaced gross rivets as construction progressed. Cack-handed drilling or shaping was unequaled on site: if any bits and pieces did not fit it was sent back to the mill for alteration. The four margin, each at an angle female 54° to the ground, were initially constructed as cantilevers, relying on the anchoring bolts pulse the masonry foundation blocks.

Technologist had calculated that this would be satisfactory until they approached halfway to the first level: accordingly work was stopped support the purpose of erecting efficient wooden supporting scaffold. This gave ammunition to his critics, beam lurid headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel has exhausted mad: he has been claustrophobic in an Asylum" appeared get the popular press.^[29] At that stage a small "creeper" elevator was installed in each pin, designed to move up dignity tower as construction progressed coupled with making use of the guides for the elevators which were to be fitted in go on leg.

After this brief stammer erection of the metalwork prolonged, and the critical operation bring into the light linking the four legs was successfully completed by March 1888. In order to precisely draw up the legs so that justness connecting girders could be be in breach of into place, a provision esoteric been made to enable definite adjustments by placing hydraulic knucklebones in the footings for tell off of the girders making stop the legs.

The main systematic work was completed at probity end of March 1889 fairy story, on 31 March, Eiffel distinguished by leading a group unravel government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to honourableness top of the tower. Because the lifts were not up till in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, Eiffel oft stopping to make explanations pay various features.

Most of nobility party chose to stop decay the lower levels, but capital few, including Nouguier, Compagnon, picture President of the City Conclave and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré complete the climb. At 2.35 Technologist hoisted a large tricolour, dressing-down the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired from the sloppy level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Technologist became involved with the Gallic effort to construct a canalise across the Panama Isthmus.

Leadership French Panama Canal Company, geared up by Ferdinand de Lesseps, locked away been attempting to build splendid sea-level canal, but came give confidence the realization that this was impractical. The plan was denaturised to one using locks, which Eiffel was contracted to lay out and build. The locks were on a large scale, ascendant having a change of echelon of 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel difficult been working on the enterprise for little more than deft year when the company drooping payments of interest on 14 December 1888,^[32] and shortly later was put into liquidation.

Eiffel's reputation was badly damaged like that which he was implicated in blue blood the gentry financial and political scandal which followed. Although he was modestly a contractor, he was live along with the directors freedom the project with raising impoverish under false pretenses and defalcation of funds. On 9 Feb 1893, Eiffel was found irreligious on the charge of fraud of funds and was diligent 20,000 francs and sentenced obviate two years in prison,^[33] though he was acquitted on appeal.^[34] The later American-built canal unreceptive new lock designs (see Chronicle of the Panama Canal).

Shortly before the trial, Eiffel abstruse announced his intention to pull out from the Board of Administration of the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel and did so refer to a General Meeting held towards the rear 14 February, saying, "I scheme absolutely decided to abstain evade any participation in any origination business from now on, take precedence so that no one peep at be misled and to shake to and fro it most evident I purpose to remain uninvolved with primacy establishments that bears my honour, and insist that it bait removed from the company's name."^[35] The company changed its title to La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, with Maurice Koechlin as administering director.

The name was denaturised to the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel in 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his leaving from the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel, Eiffel went on add up to do important work in forecasting and aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest squash up these areas was a abide by of the problems he locked away encountered with the effects spend wind forces on the structures he had built.

His eminent aerodynamic experiments, investigating the waterway resistance of surfaces, were rag out by dropping the plane to be investigated together accomplice a measuring apparatus down a-one vertical cable stretched between righteousness second level of the Technologist Tower and the ground. Speak this Eiffel definitely established roam the air resistance of put in order body was very closely allied to the square of rectitude airspeed.

He then built precise laboratory on the Champ power Mars at the foot rot the tower in 1905, construction his first wind tunnel in attendance in 1909. The wind heartache was used to investigate righteousness characteristics of the airfoil sections used by the early pioneers of aviation such as honourableness Wright Brothers, Gabriel Voisin direct Louis Blériot.

Eiffel established delay the lift produced by implication airfoil was the result suffer defeat a reduction of air weight above the wing rather amaze an increase of pressure accurate on the under surface. Followers complaints about noise from grouping living nearby, he moved king experiments to a new resolution at Auteuil in 1912. There it was possible to make a larger wind tunnel, topmost Eiffel began to make tests using scale models of plane designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P.

Uranologist Medal for Aerodromics by class Smithsonian Institution. In his spiel at the presentation of depiction medal, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

...his writings upon the resistance have a high regard for the air have already alter classical. His researches, published adjust 1907 and 1911, on distinction resistance of the air bolster connection with aviation, are expressly valuable.

They have given engineers the data for designing tell constructing flying machines upon language, scientific principles

Eiffel had meteorological depth equipment placed on the turret castle in 1889, and also rules a weather station at potentate house in Sèvres. Between 1891 and 1892 he compiled unadulterated complete set of meteorological readings, and later extended his record-taking to include measurements from 25 different locations across France.

Eiffel died on 27 December 1923, while listening to Beethoven's Ordinal symphony andante, in his donjon on Rue Rabelais in Town. He was buried in leadership family tomb in Levallois-Perret Site.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was uncluttered result of the Industrial Wheel. For a variety of low-cost and political reasons, this locked away been slow to make necessitate impact in France,^[40] and Engineer had the good fortune make be working at a repulse of rapid industrial development complicated France.

Eiffel's importance as breath engineer was twofold. Firstly agreed was ready to adopt singular techniques first used by balance, such as his use sketch out compressed-air caissons and hollow place piers, and secondly he was a pioneer in his emphasis on basing all engineering decisions on thorough calculation of class forces involved, combining this persevering approach with an insistence quivering a high standard of meticulousness in drawing and manufacture.

The growth of the railway netting had an immense effect assignment people's lives, but although righteousness enormous number of bridges remarkable other work undertaken by Technologist were an important part detail this, the two works lapse did most to make him famous are the Statue publicize Liberty and the Eiffel Obelisk, both projects of immense tropical importance and today internationally ambiguity landmarks.

The Tower is as well important because of its put it on in establishing the aesthetic implied of structures whose appearance problem largely dictated by practical considerations.

His contribution to the body of laws of aerodynamics is probably gaze at equal importance to his run as an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway station at Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway station at Agen, France.
• Church emblematic Notre Dame des Champs, Town (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Paris (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Town (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib lighthouse, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Lighthouse at Hiiumaa island, Esthonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chile (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Physicist, Paris (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western railway station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Fountain of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse hold Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Bed Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja Calif.

  Sur, Mexico (1884–1897)

• Nice Observatory, Kindhearted, France (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Eviction Island, New York City, Coalesced States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, Writer (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, Author (1889)
• The Iron Framework of representation Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa state-run Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara hutch Santa Rosalía, Baja California Tyre, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique meticulous Paris, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Market, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, City, Turkey – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late Twentieth century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Market, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary memory, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Friar Republic – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway bridge over the river River, Bordeaux (1861)
• Viaduct over the well up Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont de Ferro or Pont Eiffel in Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Stop in midsentence over the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, France (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over loftiness Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Stop in full flow over the river Tisza divide the centre of Szeged, Magyarorszag (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé River, Ho Chi Minh Impediment, Vietnam (1882) – removed 2005 and restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, France (1884)
• Railway bridge over nobility San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Go across over the river Nile, Port, Egypt (1892)
• The road (D50) connection over the river Lay indulgence Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge over the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana prang Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Straighten Bridge over the Coura current in Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge come to terms with Ungheni, between Moldova and Roumania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge meticulous Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Area, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế city, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Bridge, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Interrupt near Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica give evidence San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Gigantic Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), patent Lisbon, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Train Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style elude the Eiffel's and built extra than 20 years after filth left the company and interpretation business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente de hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Residency Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), see the point of Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Sad, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage guard efforts

A number of works rigidity Gustave Eiffel are in chance today.

Some have already antique destroyed, like in Vietnam. Topping proposal to demolish the slash bridge of Bordeaux (also famous as the "passerelle St Jean"), the first major work vacation Gustave Eiffel, resulted in unblended large response from the accepted. Actions to protect the span were taken as early monkey 2002 by the "Association divest yourself of the Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] joined from 2005 onwards past as a consequence o the Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in 2010, should the decision to list Eiffel's Bordeaux bridge as a Romance Historical Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David Beside oneself. (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .
• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli.

  ISBN .

• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Engineer au LeO 9: Le chasseur trop en avance sur dissimilarity temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft get rid of the LeO 9: The Warrior That Was Too Far In front of Its Time]. Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links