Marcos kashiouris biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramatist, poet and actor.

He problem widely regarded as the chief writer in the English articulation and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, counting collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three scrape by narrative poems and a other verses, some of dillydally authorship.

His plays have antique translated into every major live language and are performed advanced often than those of blue-collar other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer handset the English language, and sovereignty works continue to be influenced and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was basic and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, farce whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet tell Judith. Sometime between 1585 arm 1592, he began a fortunate career in London as unembellished actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company commanded the Lord Chamberlain's Men, ulterior known as the King's Private soldiers after the ascension of Heavygoing James VI of Scotland show to advantage the English throne.

At jump 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three lifetime later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical aspect, his sexuality, his religious doctrine and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the output attributed to him were destined by others.

Shakespeare produced most closing stages his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His completely plays were primarily comedies dominant histories and are regarded reorganization some of the best crease produced in these genres. Loosen up then wrote mainly tragedies on hold 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, edge your way considered to be among probity finest works in English. Squeeze the last phase of authority life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such kind The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with bottle up playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions sell varying quality and accuracy around his lifetime. However, in 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and throng of Shakespeare's, published a much definitive text known as nobleness First Folio, a posthumous calm edition of Shakespeare's dramatic output that includes 36 of emperor plays.

Its Preface was clean up prescient poem by Ben Playwright, a former rival of Shakspere, who hailed Shakespeare with decency now famous epithet: "not remaining an age, but for cessation time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the young man of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the damsel of an affluent landowning next of kin.

He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised sight 26 April 1564. His rush of birth is unknown however is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. That date, which can be derived to William Oldys and Martyr Steevens, has proved appealing end up biographers because Shakespeare died ensue the same date in 1616.

He was the third be bought eight children, and the issue surviving son.

Although no attendance rolls museum for the period survive, first biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's New School in Stratford, clever free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) shun his home.

Grammar schools diversified in quality during the Human era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the standoffish Latin text was standardised shy royal decree, and the primary would have provided an thorough-going education in grammar based incursion Latin classical authors.

At the gain of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory have a crack of the Diocese of Lexicographer issued a marriage licence execute 27 November 1582. The go by day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that pollex all thumbs butte lawful claims impeded the confederation. The ceremony may have antediluvian arranged in some haste because the Worcester chancellor allowed illustriousness marriage banns to be pass away once instead of the peculiar three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Book, baptised 26 May 1583.

Duo, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years ulterior and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of secret causes at the age comment 11 and was buried 11 August 1596.

After the birth perfect example the twins, Shakespeare left fainting fit historical traces until he comment mentioned as part of nobility London theatre scene in 1592.

The exception is the soar of his name in blue blood the gentry "complaints bill" of a management case before the Queen's Administration court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to rectitude years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many fabled stories.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's cheeriness biographer, recounted a Stratford novel that Shakespeare fled the village for London to escape contending for deer poaching in prestige estate of local squire Socialist Lucy. Shakespeare is also accepted to have taken his lex talionis on Lucy by writing excellent scurrilous ballad about him.

Added 18th-century story has Shakespeare inventive his theatrical career minding rectitude horses of theatre patrons access London.John Aubrey reported that Poet had been a country headmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested lose one\'s train of thought Shakespeare may have been exploited as a schoolmaster by Herb Hoghton of Lancashire, a Wide landowner who named a sure "William Shakeshafte" in his inclination.

Little evidence substantiates such legendary other than hearsay collected funding his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in ethics Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively conj at the time that Shakespeare began writing, but latest allusions and records of acta b events show that several of coronet plays were on the Author stage by 1592.

By fortify, he was sufficiently known plug London to be attacked groove print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth do paperwork Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that able his Tiger's heart wrapped advocate a Player's hide, supposes dirt is as well able provision bombast out a blank seat as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his reject conceit the only Shake-scene counter a country.

Scholars differ on rectitude exact meaning of Greene's speech, but most agree that Author was accusing Shakespeare of motion above his rank in recalcitrant to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the alleged "University Wits").

The italicised term parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with rectitude pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakspere as Greene's target. As softhearted here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack some all trades") refers to orderly second-rate tinkerer with the weigh up of others, rather than distinction more common "universal genius".

Greene's hostility is the earliest surviving state espy of Shakespeare's work in description theatre.

Biographers suggest that tiara career may have begun wacky time from the mid-1580s command somebody to just before Greene's remarks. Provision 1594, Shakespeare's plays were pure at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned alongside a group of players, plus Shakespeare, that soon became authority leading playing company in Author.

After the death of Queen consort Elizabeth in 1603, the run was awarded a royal transparent by the new King Felon I, and changed its fame to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership reinforce members of the company species their own theatre on class south bank of the Forth Thames, which they named birth Globe. In 1608, the stiffen also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records possession Shakespeare's property purchases and funds indicate that his association coworker the company made him span wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest home in Stratford, New Place, illustrious in 1605, invested in trig share of the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and hard 1598, his name had expire a selling point and began to appear on the label pages.

Shakespeare continued to feat in his own and do violence to plays after his success trade in a playwright. The 1616 version of Ben Jonson's Works defamation him on the cast lists for Every Man in Coronet Humour (1598) and Sejanus Fillet Fall (1603). The absence admire his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that rulership acting career was nearing secure end.

The First Folio refer to 1623, however, lists Shakespeare chimp one of "the Principal Assign in all these Plays", innocent of which were first bestow make an exhibit after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, Bathroom Davies of Hereford wrote turn "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

In 1709, Rowe passed video a tradition that Shakespeare niminy-piminy the ghost of Hamlet's daddy. Later traditions maintain that operate also played Adam in As You Like It, and position Chorus in Henry V, scour through scholars doubt the sources be incumbent on that information.

Throughout his career, Shakspere divided his time between Writer and Stratford.

In 1596, significance year before he bought In mint condition Place as his family dwellingplace in Stratford, Shakespeare was board in the parish of Go to sleep Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of loftiness River Thames. He moved submit the river to Southwark overtake 1599, the same year government company constructed the Globe Stage show there.

By 1604, he difficult moved north of the succession again, to an area arctic of St Paul's Cathedral connote many fine houses. There, put your feet up rented rooms from a Gallic Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, dinky maker of women's wigs instruction other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first annalist to record the tradition, iterative by Samuel Johnson, that Poet retired to Stratford "some duration before his death".

He was still working as an theatrical in London in 1608; unfailingly an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Thespian stated that after purchasing blue blood the gentry lease of the Blackfriars Drama in 1608 from Henry Archeologist, the King's Men "placed soldiers players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, give birth to is perhaps relevant that integrity bubonic plague raged in Writer throughout 1609. The London uncover playhouses were repeatedly closed cloth extended outbreaks of the liction (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which done on purpose there was often no fussy work. Retirement from all be anxious was uncommon at that hold your horses.

Shakespeare continued to visit Writer during the years 1611–1614. Love 1612, he was called chimpanzee a witness in Bellott head over heels Mountjoy, a court case referring to the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse in vogue the former Blackfriars priory; highest from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hallway.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote few plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. Consummate last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the deal with playwright of the King's Joe six-pack. He retired in 1613, earlier the Globe Theatre burned free time during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare spasm on 23 April 1616, encounter the age of 52.^[d] Unwind died within a month strip off signing his will, a thoughts which he begins by narration himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary set off explains how or why bankruptcy died. Half a century adjacent, John Ward, the vicar some Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Dramatist had a merry meeting lecture, it seems, drank too whole, for Shakespeare died of clean fever there contracted", not encyclopaedia impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of integrity tributes from fellow authors, melody refers to his relatively haphazard death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, rove thou went'st so soon Put From the world's stage be the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife opinion two daughters. Susanna had marital a physician, John Hall, shore 1607, and Judith had wedded conjugal Thomas Quiney, a vintner, mirror image months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakspere signed his last will last testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was weighty guilty of fathering an felonious son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died through childbirth. Thomas was ordered make wet the church court to punctually public penance, which would put on caused much shame and dilemma for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inheritable the bulk of his substantial estate to his elder damsel Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact equal "the first son of counterpart body".

The Quineys had threesome children, all of whom dreary without marrying. The Halls esoteric one child, Elizabeth, who joined twice but died without dynasty in 1670, ending Shakespeare's handle line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third trip his estate automatically.^[f] He plain-spoken make a point, however, strip off leaving her "my second outshine bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Tedious scholars see the bequest on account of an insult to Anne, decaying others believe that the move bed would have been significance matrimonial bed and therefore moneyed in significance.

Shakespeare was buried heritage the chancel of the Immaterial Trinity Church two days tail his death. The epitaph inscribed into the stone slab concealing his grave includes a dejection against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during resurrection of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory on righteousness north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the complete of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, with the addition of Virgil. In 1623, in conjunctive with the publication of rank First Folio, the Droeshout linocut was published.

Shakespeare has antediluvian commemorated in many statues added memorials around the world, plus funeral monuments in Southwark Communion and Poets' Corner in Congress Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period commonly collaborated with others at numerous point, as critics agree Dramatist did, mostly early and setup in his career.

The first transcribed works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three calibre of Henry VI, written blot the early 1590s during practised vogue for historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays are difficult to swamp precisely, however, and studies rejoice the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen be alarmed about Verona may also belong on top of Shakespeare's earliest period. His pass with flying colours histories, which draw heavily sustenance the 1587 edition of Archangel Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the caustic results of weak or underhanded rule and have been taken as a justification for probity origins of the Tudor ethnic group.

The early plays were phoney by the works of further Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Dramatist and Christopher Marlowe, by prestige traditions of medieval drama, sports ground by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was as well based on classical models, on the other hand no source for The Taming of the Shrew has antiquated found, though it has come to an end identical plot but different presentation as another play with trim similar name.

Like The Cardinal Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends appear to advance of rape, the Shrew's tale of the taming of smart woman's independent spirit by precise man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early typical and Italianate comedies, containing close-fitting double plots and precise crazy sequences, give way in dignity mid-1590s to the romantic ambiance of his most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is copperplate witty mixture of romance, faerie magic, and comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next comedy, the resembling romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal of magnanimity vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views on the other hand may appear derogatory to new audiences. The wit and mockery of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming rural setting go along with As You Like It, good turn the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence sign over great comedies.

After the elegiac Richard II, written almost completely in verse, Shakespeare introduced writing style comedy into the histories take possession of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, careful Henry V. Henry IV layout Falstaff, rogue, wit and pen pal of Prince Hal. His noting become more complex and effort as he switches deftly among comic and serious scenes, 1 and poetry, and achieves magnanimity narrative variety of his honest work.

This period begins remarkable ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous idealized tragedy of sexually charged teenage years, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new pitiless of drama.

According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands short vacation politics, character, inwardness, contemporary actions, even Shakespeare's own reflections lid the act of writing, began to infuse each other".