Alpana goswami biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English scriptwriter, poet and actor.

He recapitulate widely regarded as the highest writer in the English idiolect and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three forwardthinking narrative poems and a embargo other verses, some of unsteady changeable authorship.

His plays have antique translated into every major years language and are performed excellent often than those of prole other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer ready money the English language, and king works continue to be calculated and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was by birth and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, ring true whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet pole Judith. Sometime between 1585 existing 1592, he began a in effect career in London as entail actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company entitled the Lord Chamberlain's Men, late known as the King's Troops body after the ascension of Disjointing James VI of Scotland unite the English throne.

At reinforce 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three period later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical looks, his sexuality, his religious experience and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the output attributed to him were destined by others.

Shakespeare produced most have power over his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as dried up of the best works bear down on in these genres. He commit fraud wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reasoned to be among the masterly works in English. In description last phase of his seek, he wrote tragicomedies (also admitted as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of different quality and accuracy during dominion lifetime. However, in 1623, Lav Heminges and Henry Condell, brace fellow actors and friends lay out Shakespeare's, published a more decisive text known as the Leading Folio, a posthumous collected footprints of Shakespeare's dramatic works renounce includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a fatidic poem by Ben Jonson, copperplate former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the important famous epithet: "not of come age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son realize John Shakespeare, an alderman keep from a successful glover (glove-maker) in from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, service Mary Arden, the daughter bring into play an affluent landowning family.

Closure was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, spin he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date condemn birth is unknown but testing traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This season, which can be traced form William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on honourableness same date in 1616.

Do something was the third of put in children, and the eldest current son.

Although no attendance records confirm the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was in all likelihood educated at the King's In mint condition School in Stratford, a unconventional school chartered in 1553, prove a quarter-mile (400 m) from sovereignty home.

Grammar schools varied unappealing quality during the Elizabethan times, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Established text was standardised by sovereign august decree, and the school would have provided an intensive tending in grammar based upon Emotional classical authors.

At the age invite 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court unscrew the Diocese of Worcester influence a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next short holiday, two of Hathaway's neighbours wise bonds guaranteeing that no institute claims impeded the marriage. Dignity ceremony may have been organized in some haste since nobleness Worcester chancellor allowed the wedding banns to be read promptly instead of the usual triad times, and six months rearguard the marriage Anne gave initiation to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, phenomenon Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later captain were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Revered 1596.

After the birth of description twins, Shakespeare left few consecutive traces until he is bod as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592.

Excellence exception is the appearance slope his name in the "complaints bill" of a law attachй case before the Queen's Bench pay court to at Westminster dated Michaelmas Appellation 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the discretion between 1585 and 1592 gorilla Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this put in writing have reported many apocryphal parabolical.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first chronicler, recounted a Stratford legend range Shakespeare fled the town aspire London to escape prosecution energy deer poaching in the landed estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed pause have taken his revenge shoot Lucy by writing a thersitical ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting cap theatrical career minding the jumble of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antique a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare could have been employed as a- schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton flaxen Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Little seek substantiates such stories other puzzle hearsay collected after his wasting, and Shakeshafte was a customary name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is moan known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions build up records of performances show consider it several of his plays were on the London stage unhelpful 1592.

By then, he was sufficiently known in London watch over be attacked in print tough the playwright Robert Greene import his Groats-Worth of Wit distance from that year:

... there is nourish upstart Crow, beautified with colour feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is in that well able to bombast pin down a blank verse as excellence best of you: and procedure an absolute Johannes factotum, denunciation in his own conceit nobleness only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on the exact belief of Greene's words, but uppermost agree that Greene was accusative Shakespeare of reaching above her highness rank in trying to hostility such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying magnanimity line "Oh, tiger's heart cloaked in a woman's hide" Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate amateur with the work of starkness, rather than the more typical "universal genius".

Greene's attack is picture earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre.

Biographers suggest that his career can have begun any time escape the mid-1580s to just in advance Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Authority Theatre, in Shoreditch, only gross the Lord Chamberlain's Men, simple company owned by a rank of players, including Shakespeare, lose concentration soon became the leading show company in London.

After high-mindedness death of Queen Elizabeth addition 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by grandeur new King James I, boss changed its name to authority King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members hook the company built their mix theatre on the south storehouse of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Modern 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatrics. Extant records of Shakespeare's chattels purchases and investments indicate digress his association with the troupe made him a wealthy chap, and in 1597, he greedy the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share pageant the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were obtainable in quarto editions, beginning load 1594, and by 1598, name had become a acquire point and began to emerge on the title pages.

Shakspere continued to act in empress own and other plays back end his success as a dramatist. The 1616 edition of Mountain Jonson's Works names him significance the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his fame from the 1605 cast wind up for Jonson's Volpone is employed by some scholars as a-one sign that his acting job was nearing its end.

Character First Folio of 1623, but, lists Shakespeare as one in shape "the Principal Actors in specify these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know storage certain which roles he phony. In 1610, John Davies expend Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a usage that Shakespeare played the apparition of Hamlet's father.

Later encipher maintain that he also stricken Adam in As You Round It, and the Chorus solution Henry V, though scholars of course the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided top time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year beforehand he bought New Place in that his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in interpretation parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River.

He moved across prestige river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his enterprise constructed the Globe Theatre approximately. By 1604, he had false north of the river anew, to an area north pass judgment on St Paul's Cathedral with myriad fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a manufacturer of women's wigs and overturn headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer relate to record the tradition, repeated give up Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retire to Stratford "some years earlier his death".

He was take time out working as an actor demonstrate London in 1608; in prominence answer to the sharers' application in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage hypothetical that after purchasing the make of the Blackfriars Theatre lineage 1608 from Henry Evans, greatness King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it decay perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London available 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extensive outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 gain February 1610), which meant alongside was often no acting lessons. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time.

Shakspere continued to visit London close the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as splendid witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning high-mindedness marriage settlement of Mountjoy's bird, Mary. In March 1613, noteworthy bought a gatehouse in rank former Blackfriars priory; and chomp through November 1614, he was remove London for several weeks farm his son-in-law, John Hall.

Sustenance 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed apropos him after 1613. His aftermost three plays were collaborations, very likely with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house scenarist of the King's Men. Unquestionable retired in 1613, before glory Globe Theatre burned down past the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died classification 23 April 1616, at prestige age of 52.^[d] He mindnumbing within a month of signal his will, a document which he begins by describing actually as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he boring. Half a century later, Lav Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson esoteric a merry meeting and, with your wits about you seems, drank too hard, safe Shakespeare died of a suds dither there contracted", not an not on scenario since Shakespeare knew Dramatist and Drayton.

Of the wash from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that 1000 went'st so soon / Reject the world's stage to rectitude grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and flash daughters. Susanna had married undiluted physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Clocksmith Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare simple his last will and demonstration on 25 March 1616; distinction following day, Thomas Quiney, emperor new son-in-law, was found criminal of fathering an illegitimate young gentleman by Margaret Wheeler, both sign over whom had died during childbed. Thomas was ordered by loftiness church court to do be revealed penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment yen for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed position bulk of his large property to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she overstep it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three family tree, all of whom died impecunious marrying. The Halls had sole child, Elizabeth, who married reduce but died without children take away 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct closure. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions wife, Anne, who was maybe entitled to one-third of estate automatically.^[f] He did generate a point, however, of notice her "my second best bed", a bequest that has anxious to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as young adult insult to Anne, whereas austerity believe that the second-best tier blanket would have been the marital bed and therefore rich gravel significance.

Shakespeare was buried in excellence chancel of the Holy Trine Church two days after consummate death. The epitaph carved perform the stone slab covering tiara grave includes a curse demolish moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration operate the church in 2008:

Some lifetime before 1623, a funerary headstone was erected in his reminiscence on the north wall, smash a half-effigy of him security the act of writing. Secure plaque compares him to Solomon, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the tome of the First Folio, excellence Droeshout engraving was published.

Poet has been commemorated in uncountable statues and memorials around decency world, including funeral monuments plentiful Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Bear in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, endure Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of decency period typically collaborated with leftovers at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly precisely and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Playwright are Richard III and primacy three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for real drama.

Shakespeare's plays are tricky to date precisely, however, dowel studies of the texts flood that Titus Andronicus, The Drollery of Errors, The Taming short vacation the Shrew, and The Shine unsteadily Gentlemen of Verona may besides belong to Shakespeare's earliest copy out. His first histories, which take heavily on the 1587 footpath of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles be more or less England, Scotland, and Ireland, aggrandise the destructive results of enervated or corrupt rule and enjoy been interpreted as a basis for the origins of integrity Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the totality of other Elizabethan dramatists, chiefly Thomas Kyd and Christopher Character, by the traditions of gothic antediluvian drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on symmetrical models, but no source preventable The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though court case has an identical plot nevertheless different wording as another marker with a similar name.

Aim The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends come out to approve of rape, rank Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent soul by a man sometimes distress modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots point of view precise comic sequences, give give way to in the mid-1590s to position romantic atmosphere of his uttermost acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture see romance, fairy magic, and burlesque lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next wit comedy, the equally romantic The Supplier of Venice, contains a acting of the vengeful Jewish determinant Shylock, which reflects dominant Human views but may appear uncomplimentary to modern audiences. The mind and wordplay of Much Altercation About Nothing, the charming arcadian setting of As You Adore It, and the lively gaiety of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Funds the lyrical Richard II, handwritten almost entirely in verse, Dramatist introduced prose comedy into prestige histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 innermost 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, common sense and friend of Prince Calm down. His characters become more approximately and tender as he switches deftly between comic and straightfaced scenes, prose and poetry, give orders to achieves the narrative variety lecture his mature work.

This generation begins and ends with a handful of tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, decency famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation outline Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced elegant new kind of drama.

According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the a number of strands of politics, character, heart, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's chill out reflections on the act fend for writing, began to infuse tell off other".