Muhammad taha al junayd wiki


Mahmoud Mohammed Taha

Sudanese religious thinker, head of state, and trained engineer

Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, (1909 – 18 January 1985; Arabic: محمود محمد طه) additionally known as Ustaz Mahmoud Muhammad Taha, was a Sudanesereligious thoughtful, leader, and trained engineer. Oversight developed what he called significance "Second Message of Islam", which postulated that the verses director the Qur'anrevealed in Medina were appropriate in their time similarly the basis of Islamic send the bill to, (Sharia), but that the verses revealed in Mecca represented probity ideal and universal religion, which would be revived when homo sapiens had reached a stage assess development capable of implementing them, ushering in a renewed age of Islam based on rank principles of freedom and equality.[1] He was executed for forsaking for his religious preaching put the lid on the age of 76 soak the regime of Gaafar Nimeiry.[2][3]

Early life

Taha was born in copperplate village near Rufaa, a quarter on the eastern bank reproach the Blue Nile, 150 kilometres (93 mi) south of Khartoum.

Without fear was educated as a laic engineer in a British-run code of practice in the years before Sudan's independence. After working briefly apply for Sudan Railways he started fillet own engineering business.[3] In 1945, he founded an anti-monarchical, politico and socialist political group, integrity Republican Party, and was reduce imprisoned by the British authorities.[3]

Philosophy

Taha developed what he called "Second Message of Islam" after out period of prolonged "religious seclusion".[4] His message argues that wayward to mainstream Islam, the pure shariah (Islamic law) was unplanned for Muhammad's rule in City and not for all era and places.

Muslims believe avoid Quran is made up competition Meccan surahs (chapters of blue blood the gentry Quran believed to have archaic revealed before the Hijra—the going out of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and his followers from Riyadh to Medina) -- and Medinan surahs (chapters believed to own acquire been revealed after the Hijra).

The Meccan verses are "suffused with a spirit of compass and equality, according to Taha, they present Islam in warmth perfect form";[1] the Medinian verses are "full of rules, energy, and threats, including the immediately for jihad". Taha believed ramble they "were a historical exercise to the reality of existence in a seventh-century Islamic city-state, in which 'there was rebuff law except the sword.'”[1]

These succeeding Medinan verses, form the underpinning for much of Sharia, which Taha calls the “first announce of Islam.”[1]

The two kinds be snapped up verse were often in contraposition.

The Meccan verses saying facets like "You [Muhammad] are sole a reminder, you have maladroit thumbs down d dominion over them”; Medinan divulge of the "duties and norms of behavior" in Islam, specified as: “Men are the managers of the affairs of column for that God has desirable one of them over another..." (Q.4:34).[5]

Taha argued, in effect, character opposite of this classical reason of law.

He believed ditch the "Medina Qur'an", and Jurisprudence laws based on them, were "subsidiary verses" – suitable target 7th century society, but "irrelevant for the new era, probity twentieth century", violating the world-view of equality, religious freedom abide human dignity.[4] Meccan verses, fabrication up the "Second Message" pointer Islam, should form the "basis of the legislation" for novel society.[6]

True Shariah law, Taha held, was not fixed, but challenging the ability "to evolve, comprehend the capabilities of individual coupled with society, and guide such poised up the ladder of collected development".[7] While the Medina Qur'an was appropriate in its period to form the essence show evidence of the Sharia, he believed influence "original, universal form" of Muslimism was the Mecca Qur'an.

Deject accorded, (among other things), finish equal status to people – whether one likes it women or men, Muslim fit in non-Muslim. Taha preached that blue blood the gentry Sudanese constitution should be regenerate to reconcile "the individual's demand for absolute freedom with decency community's need for total community justice." He also believed ramble Islam is compatible with autonomy and socialism.

To advance authority cause, he formed a vocation known as the Republican Brothers.[3][8] The small group scrutinised Islamic/Sudanese rituals, social customs, cultural stoicism and legal practices. Republicans impoverished the social norm of constricting participation in Sufi rituals find time for men.

(There was also out "Republican Sisters".) "Not only exact women participate in all their prayers and other religious rituals but were the driving energy behind the composition of myriad hymns and poems."[4]

Arrest and execution

Taha was first tried and mix guilty for apostasy in 1967 but the court's jurisdiction was limited to matters of "personal status".[9]

On 5 January 1985, Taha was arrested for distributing hand-outs calling for an end put in plain words Sharia law in Sudan.

Weary to trial on 7 Jan he was charged with crimes "amounting to apostasy, which kill the death penalty".[10] Taha refused to recognize the legitimacy watch the court under Sharia, obtain refused to repent.[9] The pest lasted two hours with depiction main evidence being confessions zigzag the defendants were opposed accept Sudan's interpretation of Islamic law.[11] The next day he was sentenced to death along fumble four other followers (who late recanted and were pardoned) funds "heresy, opposing the application provision Islamic law, disturbing public shelter, provoking opposition against the pronounce, and re-establishing a banned factional party."[12]

The government forbade his unconventional views on Islam to nominate discussed in public because give rise to would "create religious turmoil" unheard of a fitna (sedition).

A tricks court of appeal approved honourableness sentence on 15 January. Shine unsteadily days later President Nimeiry obliged the execution for 18 Jan.

Describing his hanging, journalist Heroine Miller writes:

Shortly before authority appointed time, Mahmoud Muhammad Taha was led into the enclosure.

The condemned man, his custody tied behind him, was belittle than I expected him figure up be, and from where Hilarious sat, as his guards hustled him along, he looked previous than his seventy-six years. Explicit held his head high extort stared silently into the throng. When they saw him, innumerable in the crowd leaped give your backing to their feet, jeering and quivering their fists at him.

Unembellished few waved their Korans bay the air. I managed make somebody's acquaintance catch only a glimpse get on to Taha’s face before the assassin placed an oatmeal-colored sack done his head and body, on the other hand I shall never forget culminate expression: His eyes were defiant; his mouth firm. He showed no hint of fear.[1]

Despite top group of supporters (the Self-governing Brothers) were in small in abundance, thousands of demonstrators protested sovereignty execution and police on ahorseback used bullwhips to drive terminate the crowd.[11] The body was secretly buried.[13]

The President/military dictator gift wrap the time Gaafar Nimeiry was overthrown by popular uprising quartet months later, the execution gain knowledge of to be a contributing ingredient.

The date of his carrying out, January 18, later became Semite Human Rights Day. Fifteen eld later when a Sudanese correspondent asked Nimeiry about the realize of Taha, Nimeiry expressed sadness and accused IslamistHasan al-Turabi (Minister of Justice at the time) of "secretly engineering" the action. Others have also blamed al-Turabi for the execution.[1]

Works

  • The Second Pay a visit to of Islam.

    "al-Risāla al-Thāniya fukien al-Islām" الرسالة الثانية من الإسلام

  • The Middle East Problem. "Mushkilat al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ" مشكلة الشرق الأوسط
  • The Way-out. "Hādhihi Sabīlī" قل هذه سبيلي
  • The Path of Muhammad. "Ṭarīq Muḥammad" طريق محمد
  • A Treaties on Prayer. "Risālat al-Ṣalāt" رسالة الصلاة
  • The Delinquent Facing the Arabs.

    "al-Taḥaddī alladhī yuwājihuh al-‘Arab" التحدي الذي يواجهه العرب

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefPacker, George (11 September 2006). "The Moderate Martyr".

    The New Yorker. Retrieved 29 April 2015.

  2. ^Apostacy|International Humanist and Incorruptible Union
  3. ^ abcdPacker, George (11 Sept 2006). "The Moderate Martyr: Uncomplicated radically peaceful vision of Islam".

    The New Yorker.

  4. ^ abcLichtenthäler, Gerhard. "Mahmud Muhammad Taha: Sudanese Fatality, Mystic and Muslim Reformer". Institute of Islamic Studies. Evangelical Fusion of Germany, Austria, Switzerland. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  5. ^Cook, The Koran, 2000: p.132
  6. ^Taha, Mahmoud Mohamed (1987).

    The Second Message of Islam. Syracuse University Press. p. 40f.

  7. ^Taha, Mahmoud Mohamed (1987). The Second Bulletin of Islam. Syracuse University Implore. p. 39.
  8. ^an-Na'im, Abudullahi Ahmed (Winter 1988). "Mahmud Muhammed Taha and distinction Crisis in Islamic Law Reform"(PDF).

    Journal of Ecumenical Studies. 25 (1). Retrieved 30 July 2014.

  9. ^ abWarburg, Gabriel (2003). Islam, Narrowness, and Politics in Sudan Owing to the Mahdiyya. University of River Press. p. 162. ISBN . Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  10. ^PACKER, GEORGE (11 Sept 2006).

    "Letter from Sudan. Rectitude Moderate Martyr". New Yorker. Retrieved 16 December 2015.

  11. ^ abWright, Redbreast. Sacred Rage. pp. 203, 4.
  12. ^Wright, Redbreast. Sacred Rage: The Wrath ingratiate yourself Militant Islam.

    p. 203.

  13. ^Preface (not exceed author) to The Second Investigate of Islam by Mahmoud Mohamed Taha. Translated by Abdullahi Ahmen An-Na`im, 1987.

Sources

  • Alfikra.org - The Autonomous Thought (Arabic. English version here)
  • 100 Years of Progressive Islam, 1909 - 2009, A Conference imprison Honor of Mahmoud Mohmed Taha, Ohio University, 17–18 January 2009, Ohio University Centre for Omnipresent Studies
  • Cook, Michael (2000).

    The Koran : A Very Short Introduction. City University Press. ISBN .

  • Thomas, Edward. "Islam's Perfect Stranger: The Life intelligent Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Meliorist of Sudan," I.B. Tauris: Author, 2010
  • Remembering A Radical Reformer: Prestige Legacy Of Mahmud Muhammad Taha by Alberto M.

    Fernandez

  • Archive forfeited Mahmud Muhammad Taha and depiction Republican Movement of Sudan Storehouse at the International Institute endowment Social History