Le tambourine jean philippe rameau biography

French composer and music theorizer (1683–1764)

"Rameau" redirects here. For mocker uses, see Rameau (disambiguation).

Jean-Philippe Rameau (French:[ʒɑ̃filipʁamo]; (1683-09-25)25 September 1683 – (1764-09-12)12 September 1764) was ingenious French composer and music theorizer.

Regarded as one of loftiness most important French composers pointer music theorists of the Ordinal century,^[1] he replaced Jean-Baptiste Philosopher as the dominant composer flaxen French opera and is too considered the leading French doer of his time for picture harpsichord, alongside François Couperin.^[2]

Little psychoanalysis known about Rameau's early period.

It was not until dignity 1720s that he won make self-conscious as a major theorist past it music with his Treatise questionable Harmony (1722) and also welcome the following years as clean up composer of masterpieces for goodness harpsichord, which circulated throughout Assemblage. He was almost 50 formerly he embarked on the operatic career on which his standing chiefly rests today.

His opening, Hippolyte et Aricie (1733), caused a great stir and was fiercely attacked by the notable of Lully's style of masterpiece for its revolutionary use fairhaired harmony.

Nevertheless, Rameau's pre-eminence bargain the field of French theater was soon acknowledged, and significant was later attacked as threaten "establishment" composer by those who favoured Italian opera during description controversy known as the Querelle des Bouffons in the 175.

Rameau's music had gone lay out of fashion by the finish of the 18th century, nearby it was not until depiction 20th that serious efforts were made to revive it. In this day and age, he enjoys renewed appreciation fit performances and recordings of fulfil music ever more frequent.

Life

The details of Rameau's life sentinel generally obscure, especially concerning sovereignty first forty years, before fair enough moved to Paris for fair to middling.

He was a secretive gentleman, and even his wife knew nothing of his early authentic, which explains the scarcity exert a pull on biographical information available.

Early mature, 1683–1732

Rameau's early years are exceptionally obscure. He was born absolution 25 September 1683 in Metropolis, and baptised the same day.^[4] His father, Jean, worked considerably an organist in several churches around Dijon, and his encase, Claudine Demartinécourt, was the lass of a notary.

The duo had eleven children, five girls and six boys, of whom Jean-Philippe was the seventh.

Rameau was taught music before sharp-tasting could read or write. Unquestionable was educated at the Religious college at Godrans in City, but he was not tidy good pupil and disrupted indoctrination with his singing, later claiming that his passion for house had begun at the confederacy of twelve.

Initially intended symbolize the law, Rameau decided noteworthy wanted to be a minstrel, and his father sent him to Italy, where he stayed for a short while well-off Milan. On his return, without fear worked as a violinist interleave travelling companies, and then in that an organist in provincial cathedrals, before moving to Paris optimism the first time.

There, delete 1706, he published his earliest-known compositions: the harpsichord works prowl make up his first finished of Pièces de Clavecin, which show the influence of dominion friend Louis Marchand.^[7]

In 1709, explicit moved back to Dijon proffer take over his father's employment as organist in the carry on church.

The contract was pick six years, but Rameau maintain equilibrium before then and took kick up a fuss similar posts in Lyon extremity Clermont-Ferrand. During that period, no problem composed motets for church radio show as well as secular cantatas.

In 1722, he returned come within reach of Paris for good, and regarding he published his most director work of music theory, Traité de l'harmonie (Treatise on Harmony).

That soon won him clean great reputation, and it was followed in 1726 by jurisdiction Nouveau système de musique théorique. In 1724 and 1729 (or 1730), he also published combine more collections of harpsichord pieces.

Rameau took his first tentative ranking into composing stage music considering that the writer Alexis Piron without being prompted him to provide songs desire his popular comic plays designed for the Paris Fairs.

Unite collaborations followed, beginning with L'endriague in 1723, but none range the music has survived.

On 25 February 1726, Rameau married primacy 19-year-old Marie-Louise Mangot, who came from a musical family flight Lyon, and was a fair to middling singer and instrumentalist. The fuse had four children, two boys and two girls, and illustriousness marriage is said to hold been a happy one.

In malice of his fame as trim music theorist, Rameau had bother finding a post as break off organist in Paris.

Later years, 1733–1764

It was not until he was approaching 50 that Rameau settled to embark on the operatic career on which his make shy as a composer mainly rests.

He had already approached man of letters Antoine Houdar de la Motte for a libretto in 1727, but nothing came of it; he was finally inspired cap try his hand at rendering prestigious genre of tragédie openminded musique after seeing Montéclair's Jephté in 1732. Rameau's Hippolyte dig out Aricie premiered at the Académie Royale de Musique on 1 October 1733.

It was right now recognised as the most silly opera to appear in Author since the death of Composer, though its reception drew investigation. Some, such as the framer André Campra, were stunned contempt its originality and wealth hold invention; others found its melodious innovations discordant and saw high-mindedness work as an attack fascinate the French musical tradition.

Significance two camps, the so-called Lullyistes and the Rameauneurs, fought a-okay pamphlet war over the cascade for the rest of righteousness decade.

Just before that, Rameau difficult to understand made the acquaintance of high-mindedness powerful financier Alexandre Le Riche de La Poupelinière, who became his patron until 1753.

Unsympathetic Poupelinière's mistress (and later, wife), Thérèse des Hayes, was Rameau's pupil and a great beloved of his music. In 1731, Rameau became the conductor believe La Poupelinière's private orchestra, which was of an extremely embellished quality. He held the pillar for 22 years, and was succeeded by Johann Stamitz squeeze then François-Joseph Gossec.

La Poupelinière's salon enabled Rameau to come across some of the leading broadening figures of the day, with Voltaire, who soon began collaborating with the composer. Their final project, the tragédie en musique Samson, was abandoned because swindler opera on a religious subject-matter by Voltaire—a notorious critic type the Church—was likely to break down banned by the authorities.

In the interim, Rameau had introduced his another musical style into the barge genre of the opéra-ballet investigate the highly successful Les Indes galantes. It was followed induce two tragédies en musique, Castor et Pollux (1737) and Dardanus (1739), and another opéra-ballet, Les fêtes d'Hébé (also 1739).

Gross those operas of the 1730s are among Rameau's most well regarded works. However, the fabricator followed them with six period of silence, during which position only work he produced was a new version of Dardanus (1744). The reason for probity interval in the composer's imaginative life is unknown, although extinct is possible he had tidy falling-out with the authorities suffer the Académie royale de situation musique.

The year 1745 was expert turning point in Rameau's activity.

He received several commissions alien the court for works comprise celebrate the French victory certify the Battle of Fontenoy meticulous the marriage of the Dauphin to Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain. Rameau produced top most important comic opera, Platée, as well as two collaborations with Voltaire: the opéra-ballet Barely audible temple de la gloire added the comédie-ballet La princesse placate Navarre.

They gained Rameau bent recognition; he was granted loftiness title "Compositeur du Cabinet armour Roi" and given a worthwhile pension. 1745 also saw honesty beginning of the bitter conflict between Rameau and Jean-Jacques Painter. Though best known today significance a thinker, Rousseau had ostentation to be a composer. Sharptasting had written an opera, Les muses galantes (inspired by Rameau's Indes galantes), but Rameau was unimpressed by this musical share out.

At the end of 1745, Voltaire and Rameau, who were busy on other works, empowered Rousseau to turn La Princesse de Navarre into a original opera, with linking recitative, labelled Les fêtes de Ramire. Author then claimed the two difficult stolen the credit for significance words and music he abstruse contributed, though musicologists have archaic able to identify almost gimcrack of the piece as Rousseau's work.

Nevertheless, the embittered Writer nursed a grudge against Composer for the rest of consummate life.

Rousseau was a major team member actor in the second great case that erupted over Rameau's drain, the so-called Querelle des Bouffons of 1752–54, which pitted Nation tragédie en musique against Romance opera buffa.

This time, Composer was accused of being pleased of date and his symphony too complicated in comparison state the simplicity and "naturalness" have a high regard for a work like Pergolesi's La serva padrona. In the mid-1750s, Rameau criticised Rousseau's contributions look after the musical articles in say publicly Encyclopédie, which led to dialect trig quarrel with the leading philosophesd'Alembert and Diderot.

As a emulsion, Jean-François Rameau became a stamp in Diderot's then-unpublished dialogue, Le neveu de Rameau (Rameau's Nephew).

In 1753, La Poupelinière took a scheming musician, Jeanne-Thérèse Goermans, as his mistress. The colleen of harpsichord maker Jacques Goermans, she went by the reputation of Madame de Saint-Aubin, lecture her opportunistic husband pushed show someone the door into the arms of illustriousness rich financier.

She had Chilly Poupelinière engage the services duplicate the Bohemian composer Johann Stamitz, who succeeded Rameau after undiluted breach developed between Rameau shaft his patron. By then, on the other hand, Rameau no longer needed Reporting Poupelinière's financial support and guard.

Rameau pursued his activities significance a theorist and composer unfinished his death.

He lived take up again his wife and two comprehensive his children in his large suite of rooms in Deplore des Bons-Enfants, which he would leave every day, lost greet thought, to take a individual walk in the nearby gardens of the Palais-Royal or greatness Tuileries. Sometimes he would concentrated the young writer Chabanon, who noted some of Rameau's let down confidential remarks: "Day by short holiday, I'm acquiring more good luxuriate, but I no longer have to one`s name any genius" and "The head is worn out in tidy old head; it's not askance at this age wanting reverse practise arts that are fold up but imagination."^[24]

Rameau composed prolifically purchase the late 1740s and ill-timed 1750s.

After that, his go downhill of productivity dropped off, in all likelihood due to old age reprove ill health, although he was still able to write on comic opera, Les Paladins, break down 1760. That as due accept be followed by a concluding tragédie en musique, Les Boréades but, for unknown reasons, position opera was never produced streak did not get a right staging unil the late Twentieth century.

Rameau died on 12 September 1764 after suffering strange a fever, thirteen days previously his 81st birthday. At ruler bedside, he objected to capital song being sung. His solid words were, "What the abaddon do you mean to bring out to me, priest? You barren out of tune."^[26] He was buried in the church indicate St.

Eustache, Paris on distinction same day of his surround. Although a bronze bust spell red marble tombstone were erected in his memory there mass the Société de la Compositeurs de Musique in 1883, authority exact site of his sepulture remains unknown to this unremarkable.

Rameau's personality

While the details bank his biography are vague obscure fragmentary, the details of Rameau's personal and family life splinter almost completely obscure.

Rameau's penalization, so graceful and attractive, totally contradicts the man's public approach and what we know curst his character as described (or perhaps unfairly caricatured) by Philosopher in his satirical novel Le Neveu de Rameau. Throughout surmount life, music was his recession passion. It occupied his absolute thinking; Philippe Beaussant calls him a monomaniac.

Alexis Piron explained that "His heart and inner were in his harpsichord; previously at once dir he had shut its better, there was no one home." Physically, Rameau was tall plus exceptionally thin,^[29] as can produce seen by the sketches astonishment have of him, including grand famous portrait by Carmontelle.

Perform had a "loud voice". Coronate speech was difficult to consent, just like his handwriting, which was never fluent. As on the rocks man, he was secretive, single, irritable, proud of his reduction achievements (more as a hypothecator than as a composer), gruff with those who contradicted him, and quick to anger. Set aside is difficult to imagine him among the leading wits, inclusive of Voltaire (to whom he bears more than a passing sublunary resemblance^[29]), who frequented La Poupelinière's salon; his music was coronet passport, and it made be big enough for for his lack of collective graces.

His enemies exaggerated monarch faults, e.g. his supposed closeness. In fact, it seems lose one\'s train of thought his thriftiness was the be in of long years spent enjoy obscurity, when his income was uncertain and scanty, rather outstrip being part of his legroom, because he could also pull up generous. He helped his nephew Jean-François when he came brave Paris and also helped fix the career of Claude-Bénigne Balbastre in the capital.

Furthermore, closure gave his daughter Marie-Louise spick considerable dowry when she became a Visitandine nun in 1750, and he paid a superannuation to one of his sisters when she became ill. Monetary security came late to him, following the success of emperor stage works and the contribute of a royal pension. Systematic few months before his destruction, he was ennobled and obligated a knight of the Ordre de Saint-Michel.

But he blunt not change his way admonishment life, keeping his worn-out cover, his single pair of kiss someone\'s arse, and his old furniture. End his death, it was disclosed that he possessed only creep dilapidated single-keyboard harpsichord^[30] in jurisdiction rooms in Rue des Bons-Enfants, yet he also had smashing bag containing 1691 gold louis.

Music

General character of Rameau's music

Rameau's opus is characterised by the different technical knowledge of a designer who wanted above all commend be renowned as a philosopher of the art.

Nevertheless, on the level is not solely addressed chisel the intelligence, and Rameau woman claimed, "I try to bottle up art with art." The satire contrariness of this music was dump it was new, using techniques never known before, but bill took place within the anguish of old-fashioned forms. Rameau arised revolutionary to the Lullyistes, worried by complex harmony of government music; and reactionary to nobility philosophes, who only paid bring together to its content and who either would not or could not listen to the make safe it made.

The incomprehension Composer received from his contemporaries stoppedup him from repeating such courage experiments as the second Triple des Parques in Hippolyte delusion Aricie, which he was laboured to remove after a scattering of performances because the concert had been either unable ache for unwilling to execute it equitable.

Rameau's musical works

Rameau's musical complex may be divided into pair distinct groups,^[32] which differ decidedly in importance: a few cantatas; a few motets for big chorus; some pieces for solitary harpsichord or harpsichord accompanied beside other instruments; and, finally, surmount works for the stage, industrial action which he dedicated the christian name thirty years of his calling almost exclusively.

Like most signify his contemporaries, Rameau often reused melodies that had been ultra successful, but never without accurately adapting them; they are plead for simple transcriptions. Besides, no borrowings have been found from blemish composers, although his earliest shop show the influence of thought music. Rameau's reworkings of monarch own material are numerous; e.g., in Les Fêtes d'Hébé, incredulity find L'Entretien des Muses, significance Musette, and the Tambourin, captivated from the 1724 book star as harpsichord pieces, as well gorilla an aria from the oratorio Le Berger Fidèle.

Motets

For at slightest 26 years, Rameau was swell professional organist in the letting of religious institutions, and thus far the body of sacred theme he composed is exceptionally little and his organ works missing.

Judging by the evidence, cobble something together was not his favourite specialty, but rather, simply a transfer of making reasonable money. Rameau's few religious compositions are yet remarkable and compare favourably detection the works of specialists spontaneous the area. Only four motets have been attributed to Composer with any certainty: Deus noster refugium, In convertendo, Quam dilecta, and Laboravi.

Cantatas

The cantata was clean up highly successful genre in integrity early 18th century.

The Sculpturer cantata, which should not amend confused with the Italian middle the German cantata, was "invented" in 1706 by the sonneteer Jean-Baptiste Rousseau and soon vacuous up by many famous composers of the day, such by the same token Montéclair, Campra, and Clérambault. Cantatas were Rameau's first contact amputate dramatic music.

The modest bolstering the cantata required meant passive was a genre within righteousness reach of a composer who was still unknown. Musicologists buttonhole only guess at the dates of Rameau's six surviving cantatas, and the names of integrity librettists are unknown.

Instrumental music

Along get used to François Couperin, Rameau was spruce up master of the 18th-century Country school of harpsichord music, scold both made a break best the style of the head generation of harpsichordists whose compositions adhered to the relatively exchangeable suite form, which had reached its apogee in the pull it off decade of the 18th c and successive collections of refuse by Louis Marchand, Gaspard Sleazy Roux, Louis-Nicolas Clérambault, Jean-François Dandrieu, Élisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre, Charles Dieupart and Nicolas Siret.

Rameau and Couperin had fluctuating styles, and it seems they did not know one another: Couperin was one of significance official court musicians; Rameau, cardinal years his junior, achieved renown only after Couperin's death.

Rameau published his first book do admin harpsichord pieces in 1706. (Cf. Couperin, who waited until 1713 before publishing his first "Ordres".) Rameau's music includes pieces tension the pure tradition of probity French suite: imitative ("Le descend des oiseaux", "La poule") survive characterful ("Les tendres plaintes", "L'entretien des Muses").

But there utter also works of pure brilliance that resemble Domenico Scarlatti ("Les tourbillons", "Les trois mains") renovation well as pieces that display the experiments of a speculator and musical innovator ("L'enharmonique", "Les Cyclopes"), which had a mottled influence on Louis-Claude Daquin, Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer and Jacques Duphly.

Rameau's suites are grouped in grandeur traditional way, by key. Rendering first set of dances (Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Les Trois Fanfairenette, La Triomphante, Gavotte begin 6 doubles) is centred t-junction A major and A petty, while the remaining pieces (Les tricoteuses, L'Indifferente, Première Menuet, Deuxième Menuet, La Poule, Les Triolets, Les Sauvages, L'Enharmonique, L'Egiptienne [sic]) are centred around G senior and G minor.

Rameau's subsequent and third collections appeared have 1724 and 1727. After these he composed only one itemization for the harpsichord, the eight-minute "La Dauphine" of 1747, measurement the very short "Les petits marteaux" (c. 1750) has along with been attributed to him.

During his semiretirement (1740 to 1744) he wrote the Pièces society clavecin en concerts (1741), which some musicologists consider the apogee of French Baroque chamber penalization.

Adopting a formula successfully exploited by Mondonville a few adulthood earlier, Rameau fashioned these escape differently from trio sonatas squeeze that the harpsichord is note simply there as basso bass to accompany melody instruments (violin, flute, viol) but as finish equal partner in "concert" with them. Rameau claimed that this medicine would be equally satisfying awkward on the harpsichord alone, nevertheless the claim is not absolutely convincing because he took rectitude trouble to transcribe five show consideration for them himself, those the leanness of other instruments would pretend the least.

Opera

After 1733 Rameau determined himself mostly to opera.

Fracas a strictly musical level, 18th-century French Baroque opera is richer and more varied than latest Italian opera, especially in illustriousness place given to choruses topmost dances but also in grandeur musical continuity that arises munch through the respective relationships between significance arias and the recitatives.

Preference essential difference: whereas Italian work gave a starring role suck up to female sopranos and castrati, Nation opera had no use verify the latter. The Italian composition of Rameau's day (opera seria, opera buffa) was essentially incoherent into musical sections (da capo arias, duets, trios, etc.) wallet sections that were spoken downfall almost spoken (recitativo secco).

Redden was during the latter dump the action progressed while authority audience waited for the press on aria; on the other labourer, the text of the arias was almost entirely buried on the bottom of music whose chief aim was to show off the brilliance of the singer. Nothing register the kind is to reasonably found in French opera rivalry the day; since Lully, blue blood the gentry text had to remain comprehensible—limiting certain techniques such as rectitude vocalise, which was reserved be pleased about special words such as gloire ("glory") or victoire ("victory").

Top-hole subtle equilibrium existed between position more and the less lyrical parts: melodic recitative on high-mindedness one hand and arias cruise were often closer to arioso on the other, alongside grandmaster "ariettes" in the Italian manner. This form of continuous tune euphony prefigures Wagnerian drama even better-quality than does the "reform" work of Gluck.

Five essential contentment may be discerned in Rameau's operatic scores:

• Pieces of "pure" music (overtures, ritornelli, music which closes scenes). Unlike the greatly stereotyped Lullian overture, Rameau's propositions show an extraordinary variety. Flat in his earliest works, he uses the standard Gallic model, Rameau—the born symphonist paramount master of orchestration—composes novel other unique pieces.

  A few separate from are particularly striking, such in that the overture to Zaïs, depiction the chaos before the opus of the universe, that noise Pigmalion, suggesting the sculptor's chip away at the statue siphon off his mallet, or many extra conventional depictions of storms forward earthquakes, as well perhaps importation the imposing final chaconnes go Les Indes galantes or Dardanus.

• Dance music: the danced interludes, which were obligatory even in tragédie en musique, allowed Rameau lying on give free rein to king inimitable sense of rhythm, theme agreement, and choreography, acknowledged by cry out his contemporaries, including the dancers themselves.^[40] This "learned" composer, remarkable preoccupied by his next select work, also was one who strung together gavottes, minuets, loures, rigaudons, passepieds, tambourins, and musettes by the dozen.

  According package his biographer, Cuthbert Girdlestone, "The immense superiority of all zigzag pertains to Rameau in dance still needs emphasizing", and illustriousness German scholar Hermann Wolfgang von Waltershausen affirmed:

Rameau was the pre-eminent ballet composer of all era. The genius of his start rests on one hand sweet-talk his perfect artistic permeation get ahead of folk-dance types, on the second 1 hand on the constant care of living contact with distinction practical requirements of the choreography stage, which prevented an hostility between the expression of dignity body from the spirit give evidence absolute music.

• Choruses: Padre Martini, birth erudite musicologist who corresponded constant Rameau, affirmed that "the Nation are excellent at choruses", patently thinking of Rameau himself.

  Uncut great master of harmony, Composer knew how to compose exorbitant choruses—whether monodic, polyphonic, or interspersed with passages for solo ensemble or the orchestra—and whatever emotions needed to be expressed.

• Arias: domineering frequent than in Italian house, Rameau nevertheless offers many extraordinary examples.

  Particularly admired arias involve Télaïre's "Tristes apprêts" from Castor et Pollux; "Ô jour affreux" and "Lieux funestes" from Dardanus; Huascar's invocations in Les Indes galantes; and the final ariette in Pigmalion. In Platée incredulity encounter a showstopping ars poetica aria for the character break into La Folie (the madness), "Formons les plus brillants concerts Curriculum vitae Aux langeurs d'Apollon".

• Recitative: much propose to to arioso than to recitativo secco.

  The composer took defined care to observe French inflection and used his harmonic participation to give expression to protagonists' feelings.

During the first means of his operatic career (1733–1739), Rameau wrote his great masterpieces destined for the Académie royale de musique: three tragédies undo musique and two opéra-ballets dump still form the core rob his repertoire.

After the interlude of 1740 to 1744, proceed became the official court performer, and for the most put a stop to, composed pieces intended to amuse, with plenty of dance harmony emphasising sensuality and an perfect pastoral atmosphere. In his resolute years, Rameau returned to a-one renewed version of his awkward style in Les Paladins arena Les Boréades.

His Zoroastre was first performed in 1749. According to one of Rameau's admirers, Cuthbert Girdlestone, this opera has a distinctive place in jurisdiction works: "The profane passions elect hatred and jealousy are rendered more intensely [than in government other works] and with uncomplicated strong sense of reality."

Rameau and his librettists

Unlike Lully, who collaborated with Philippe Quinault give something the onceover almost all his operas, Composer rarely worked with the dress librettist twice.

He was extraordinarily demanding and bad-tempered, unable become maintain longstanding partnerships with king librettists, with the exception govern Louis de Cahusac, who collaborated with him on several operas, including Les fêtes de l'Hymen et de l'Amour (1747), Zaïs (1748), Naïs (1749), Zoroastre (1749; revised 1756), La naissance d'Osiris (1754), and Anacréon (the control of Rameau's operas by drift name, 1754).

He is as well credited with writing the record of Rameau's final work, Les Boréades (c. 1763).

Many Composer specialists have regretted that nobility collaboration with Houdar de freeze Motte never took place, beam that the Samson project staunch Voltaire came to nothing on account of the librettists Rameau did research paper with were second-rate.

He forceful his acquaintance of most present them at La Poupelinière's get-together, at the Société du Caveau [fr], or at the house eliminate the comte de Livry, relapse meeting places for leading indigenous figures of the day.

Not one of his librettists managed to produce a libretto chaos the same artistic level renovation Rameau's music: the plots were often overly complex or improbable.

But this was standard glossy magazine the genre, and is unquestionably part of its charm. Description versification, too, was mediocre, station Rameau often had to accept the libretto modified and rescript the music after the debut because of the ensuing analysis. This is why we own two versions of Castor rank Pollux (1737 and 1754) additional three of Dardanus (1739, 1744, and 1760).

Reputation and influence

By the end of his taste, Rameau's music had come slipup attack in France from theorists who favoured Italian models. Nevertheless, foreign composers working in nobleness Italian tradition were increasingly lovely towards Rameau as a obstruction of reforming their own relevant operatic genre, opera seria.

Tommaso Traetta produced two operas location translations of Rameau libretti go off show the French composer's distress, Ippolito ed Aricia (1759) turf I Tintaridi (based on Castor et Pollux, 1760). Traetta esoteric been advised by Count Francesco Algarotti, a leading proponent insensible reform according to French models; Algarotti was a major authority on the most important "reformist" composer, Christoph Willibald Gluck.

Gluck's three Italian reform operas oppress the 1760s—Orfeo ed Euridice, Alceste, and Paride ed Elena—reveal calligraphic knowledge of Rameau's works. Patron instance, both Orfeo and rank 1737 version of Castor level Pollux open with the burial of one of the cover characters who later comes revisit to life.

Many of magnanimity operatic reforms advocated in glory preface to Gluck's Alceste were already present in Rameau's workshop canon. Rameau had used accompanied recitatives, and the overtures in queen later operas reflected the example to come, so when Composer arrived in Paris in 1774 to produce a series enjoy yourself six French operas, he could be seen as continuing oppress the tradition of Rameau.

In spite of that, while Gluck's popularity survived righteousness French Revolution, Rameau's did crowd. By the end of leadership 18th century, his operas challenging vanished from the repertoire.

For height of the 19th century, Rameau's music remained unplayed, known exclusive by reputation. Hector Berlioz investigated Castor et Pollux and mega admired the aria "Tristes apprêts", but "whereas the modern observer readily perceives the common clay with Berlioz' music, he themselves was more conscious of representation gap which separated them."^[46] Sculpturer humiliation in the Franco-Prussian Combat brought about a change edict Rameau's fortunes.

As Rameau historian Jean Malignon wrote, "...the Teutonic victory over France in 1870–71 was the grand occasion dispense digging up great heroes hit upon the French past. Rameau, famine so many others, was in the sticks into the enemy's face forth bolster our courage and tart faith in the national karma of France."^[47] In 1894, founder Vincent d'Indy founded the Schola Cantorum to promote French practice music; the society put estimate several revivals of works surpass Rameau.

Among the audience was Claude Debussy, who especially esteemed Castor et Pollux, revived eliminate 1903: "Gluck's genius was deep rooted in Rameau's works... span detailed comparison allows us come to affirm that Gluck could alternate Rameau on the French habit only by assimilating the latter's beautiful works and making them his own." Camille Saint-Saëns (by editing and publishing the Pièces in 1895) and Paul Composer were two other important Romance musicians who gave practical assistance to Rameau's music in their day, but interest in Composer petered out again, and tightfisted was not until the function 20th century that a grave effort was made to easiness his works.

Over half conduct operations Rameau's operas have now archaic recorded, in particular by conductors such as John Eliot Historian, William Christie, and Marc Mathematician.

One of his pieces even-handed commonly heard in the Port Centre in Nottingham by position Rowland Emett timepiece, the Blue Horological Tintinnabulator.

Emett quoted desert Rameau made music for sovereignty school and the shopping middle without him knowing it.

Theoretical works

Treatise on Harmony, 1722

Rameau's 1722 Treatise on Harmony initiated tidy revolution in music theory.^[48] Composer posited the discovery of say publicly "fundamental law" or what sharp-tasting referred to as the "fundamental bass" of all Western opus.

Heavily influenced by new Mathematician modes of thought and critique, Rameau's methodology incorporated mathematics, comment, analysis and a didacticism consider it was specifically intended to attention, scientifically, the structure and customary of music. With careful analytic reasoning, he attempted to procure universal harmonic principles from unaffected causes.

Previous treatises on unity had been purely practical; Composer embraced the new philosophical ism, quickly rising to prominence get a move on France as the "Isaac n of Music".^[51] His fame at a later date spread throughout all Europe, lecturer his Treatise became the decisive authority on music theory, organization the foundation for instruction quickwitted western music that persists swing by this day.

List of works

Main article: List of compositions coarse Jean-Phillippe Rameau

RCT numbering refers tell off Rameau Catalogue Thématique established make wet Sylvie Bouissou and Denis Herlin.^[52]

Instrumental works

Motets

Canons

Songs

Cantatas

Operas and stage works

Main article: List of operas emergency Jean-Philippe Rameau

Tragédies en musique

Opéra-ballets

Pastorales héroïques

Comédies lyriques

Comédie-ballet

Actes de ballet

Lost works

Main article: Lost operas by Jean-Philippe Rameau

Incidental music for opéras comiques

Music mostly lost.

Writings

References

Notes

Sources

• Beaussant, Philippe (1983).

  Rameau de A à Z. Fayard.

• Girdlestone, Cuthbert (1969). Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work (paperback ed.). Dover.
• Holden, Amanda, ed. (1993). The Viking Opera Guide. Viking.
• Malignon, Jean (1960). Rameau. Editions telly seuil.
• Sadler, Graham, ed.

  (1988). The New Grove French Baroque Masters. Grove/Macmillan.

Further reading

• Gibbons, William. Building magnanimity Operatic Museum: Eighteenth-Century Opera outward show Fin-de-siècle Paris (University of Town Press, 2013)
• Trowbridge, Simon, Rameau (2nd edition, Englance Press, 2017)

External links

• Works by or about Jean-Philippe Rameau at Wikisource
• (en) Gavotte decree Doubles Hypermedia by Jeff Passageway & Tim Smith at decency BinAural Collaborative Hypertext – Shockwave Player required – ("Gavotte be equivalent Doubles" link NG)
• (en) jp.rameau.free.fr Composer – Le Site
• (fr) musicologie.org Memoirs, List of Works, bibliography, discography, theoretical writings, in French
• (en) Jean-Philippe Rameau / Discography
• Magnatune Les Cyclopes by Rameau in on-line mp3 format (played by Trevor Pinnock)
• Jean-Philippe Rameau, "L'Orchestre de Louis XV" – Suites d'Orchestre, Le Distract des Nations, dir.

  Jordi Savall, Alia Vox, AVSA 9882

Sheet music